Bjarne Stroustrup | A Tour of C++

Bjarne Stroustrup, (Stroustrup 2022)

Notes

Skeleton

Cover

Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

1 The Basics

• 1.1 Introduction

  Procedural programming

• 1.2 Programs

• 1.3 Functions

• 1.4 Types, Variables, and Arithmetic

• 1.5 Scope and Lifetime

• 1.6 Constants

• 1.7 Pointers, Arrays, and References

• 1.8 Tests

• 1.9 Mapping to Hardware

• 1.10 Advice

2 User-Defined Types

• 2.1 Introduction

• 2.2 Structures

  C++ struct

• 2.3 Classes

  C++ class

• 2.4 Enumerations

• 2.5 Unions

  • C++ union
  • std::variant

• 2.6 Advice

3 Modularity

• 3.1 Introduction

• 3.2 Separate Compilation

• 3.3 Namespaces

• 3.4 Function Arguments and Return Values

  Structured binding

• 3.5 Advice

4 Error Handling

• 4.1 Introduction

• 4.2 Exceptions

• 4.3 Invariants

• 4.4 Error-Handling Alternatives

• 4.5 Assertions

• 4.6 Advice

5 Classes

• 5.1 Introduction

• 5.2 Concrete Types

  • Concrete class
  • std::initializer_list

• 5.3 Abstract Types

  Abstract class

• 5.4 Virtual Functions

  • Pure virtual function

• 5.5 Class Hierarchies

• 5.6 Advice

6 Essential Operations

• 6.1 Introduction

• 6.2 Copy and Move

  • r-value
  • l-value

• 6.3 Resource Management

• 6.4 Operator Overloading

• 6.5 Conventional Operations

• 6.6 User-Defined Literals

• 6.7 Advice

7 Templates

• 7.1 Introduction

• 7.2 Parameterized Types

• 7.3 Parameterized Operations

• 7.4 Template Mechanisms

• 7.5 Advice

8 Concepts and Generic Programming

• 8.1 Introduction

• 8.2 Concepts

• 8.3 Generic Programming

• 8.4 Variadic Templates

• 8.5 Template Compilation Model

• 8.6 Advice

9 Library Overview

• 9.1 Introduction

• 9.2 Standard-Library Components

• 9.3 Standard-Library Organization

• 9.4 Advice

10 Strings and Regular Expressions

• 10.1 Introduction

• 10.2 Strings

• 10.3 String Views

• 10.4 Regular Expressions

• 10.5 Advice

11 Input and Output

• 11.1 Introduction

• 11.2 Output

• 11.3 Input

• 11.4 I/O State

• 11.5 I/O of User-Defined Types

• 11.6 Output Formatting

• 11.7 Streams

• 11.8 C-style I/O

• 11.9 File System

• 11.10 Advice

12 Containers

• 12.1 Introduction

• 12.2 vector

• 12.3 list

• 12.4 forward_list

• 12.5 map

• 12.6 unordered_map

• 12.7 Allocators

• 12.8 Container Overview

• 12.9 Advice

13 Algorithms

• 13.1 Introduction

• 13.2 Use of Iterators

• 13.3 Iterator Types

• 13.4 Use of Predicates

• 13.5 Algorithm Overview

• 13.6 Parallel Algorithms

• 13.7 Advice

14 Ranges

• 14.1 Introduction

• 14.2 Views

• 14.3 Generators

• 14.4 Pipelines

• 14.5 Concepts Overview

• 14.6 Advice

15 Pointers and Containers

• 15.1 Introduction

• 15.2 Pointers

  std::unique_ptr

• 15.3 Containers

• 15.4 Alternatives

• 15.5 Advice

16 Utilities

• 16.1 Introduction

• 16.2 Time

• 16.3 Function Adaption

• 16.4 Type Functions

• 16.5 source_location

• 16.6 move() and forward()

• 16.7 Bit Manipulation

• 16.8 Exiting a Program

• 16.9 Advice

17 Numerics

• 17.1 Introduction

• 17.2 Mathematical Functions

• 17.3 Numerical Algorithms

• 17.4 Complex Numbers

• 17.5 Random Numbers

• 17.6 Vector Arithmetic

• 17.7 Numeric Limits

• 17.8 Type Aliases

• 17.9 Mathematical Constants

• 17.10 Advice

18 Concurrency

• 18.1 Introduction

• 18.2 Tasks and threads

• 18.3 Sharing Data

• 18.4 Waiting for Events

• 18.5 Communicating Tasks

• 18.6 Coroutines

• 18.7 Advice

19 History and Compatibility

• 19.1 History

• 19.2 C++ Feature Evolution

• 19.3 C/C++ Compatibility

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• 19.5 Advice

Module std

• A.1 Introduction

• A.2 Use What Your Implementation Offers

• A.3 Use Headers

• A.4 Make Your Own module std

• A.5 Advice

Index

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

• F

• G

• H

• I

• J

• K

• L

• M

• N

• O

• P

• Q

• R

• S

• T

• U

• V

• W

• X

• Y

• Z

Bibliography

References

Compare and contrast

int x = 2;
int y = 3;

int& rx = x;
int& ry = y;

rx = ry

// x == ?
// y == ?
// rx == ?
// ry == ?

and

int x = 2;
int y = 3;

int* px = &x;
int* py = &y;

px = py;

// x == ?
// y == ?
// px == ?
// py == ?

Back

In the first, by reference:

x == 2;
y == 2;

rx != ry;

rx == &x;
ry == &y;

And in the second, by pointer:

x == 2;
y == 3;

px == &y;
py == &y;

*px == 3;
*py == 3;

Source

(Stroustrup 2022)

Built-in types

Types composed of fundamental types (e.g. bool), the const modifier, and declarator operators.

Source

(Stroustrup 2022)

Cloze

(C++) A declaration specifies {{a type (e.g. int) name (e.g. count)}@0}.

Source

(Stroustrup 2022)

Example(s) (C++)

Declarations

Back

int count;
char v[7];
void foo(int a);

Source

(Stroustrup 2022)

Cloze

C++’s built-in types reflect {{the capabilities of conventional computer hardware}@0}.

Source

(Stroustrup 2022)

Definition (C++)

User-defined types

Back

Types built from built-in types and other […].

Source

(Stroustrup 2022)

Normal

What is the value of a?

int foo(int i) {
  return i += 1;
}

int main() {
  int a = foo(14);
  return a;
}

Back

a == 15

Source

(Stroustrup 2022)

• 19.4 Bibliography

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